This comprehensive assessment of historical and contemporary determinants of Sino-American relations has been brought up to date with full treatment of rising tensions over salient differences since the ascendance of China’s dynamic leader Xi Jinping (2012– ). Incoming President Barack Obama (2009–2017) was pressured by China; he responded with his signature rebalance policy of greater US engagement throughout China’s periphery. Reacting negatively, Xi Jinping used coercive means and other initiatives to advance at the expense of the United States. Widespread American disappointment prompted calls for tougher actions, and now President Donald Trump’s absence of a coherent strategy has added to uncertainty looking forward.
